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by Gobierno Federal

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This article explicated the breakdown of business decisions as fiscal cost & benefit. If you find the costs and benefits from the investment- You must be visibly defined criteria to be used for evaluation hostile to the investment proposal. The criteria for making an investment breakdown of dealing benefits and costs of an investment proposal, these benefits and costs in most suitcases do not take place directly, but these are variable so that can be generated for changeable periods.Forex

On the basis of my experience, observed, & breakdown, this article I have paid attention mainly on the fiscal benefits achieved from investing in and operating a business. In this article, I have struggled to expose in more point terms with the fiscal costs associated by way of business decisions. Read the rest of this access »

by Gobierno Federal

Ways of turning cash means into investments. Sources belonged to he investments in the objects of industrial and nonindustrial spheres, mostly come out in the initial form of cash means. Turning of these latest into the investments may be provided in different ways. The simplest way takes place in the case, when industrial subject manages and owns certain means, uses them for widening and improvement of manufacture and also for creation of nonindustrial objects. In the resembling type savings of those persons, which start activities with own savings turn into investments.

Though, in other suitcases turning savings into investments is a hard process. The fact is, that most part of the populace has no opportunity to provide investments straight into the manufacture, because for this they must have manners of enterprise administration, and of course, own certain minimal amount for this or those reasons. Part of the enterprise profit also does not turn into the investments.

Herewith, form one side, populace and some enterprises own free cash sources, from another, many enterprises need additional means for their investment program consciousness. Transmission of sources is realized by the channels of financial market, where owners of cash means appear to be the distributors of investment capital, and those persons, who influx sources – consumers.

Basic channels for transmission of cash means from distributors to consumers. Depending on how transmission of cash means is realized from distributor to the consumers, we can top out two basic channels at the financial market. First is the market of banking credits. Banks accumulate temporarily free cash means of the juridical and corporal persons. Of course, they pay certain percents at the influxed sources and later give credits to the borrowers (to those ones, who provide real investments) for high percent. Thus, process of money movement from the owner, to the borrower is realized with the help of a bank.

In many suitcases such way of transmission of the cash means answers to the interests of the cash owner. Though this latest takes too small percent from the bank, but thus he/she avoids the risk of not returning of money from the borrower. Except security, banking deposits are high liquidate, as the depositor can take own amount out and also investment of cash means is reachable even for the smallest depositors (owners of the savings).

Bank pays very small percent to the depositors comparing with those it takes from the borrowers, that’s why it is natural, that the distributor has a question to invest capital exactly into the relation with these borrowers.

As to the capital consumers (borrowers), it is advantage for them to get in direct touch with distributors. The fact is that being paid banking credit is often followed by fantastic difficulties. For example, often the bank doesn’t lend credit in the term, which is needed by the borrower; the bank may not have total amount requested by the borrower, for consciousness of the large-scale projects and so on. All these lead us to the large-scaled consciousness of attracting free cash sources together with the banking credit by capital consumers in other way – by emission of securities.

Somehow this way answers the interests of distributor of investment resources and their consumers. Distributors of resources (owners of savings) often are able to invest their sources in relatively advantage conditions, then banking deposits are and for longer period of time. Quite simple course of action of residency of sources is realized in the way of selling and purchasing of securities. Also, if securities are characterized by quite high level of liquidity, then the investor can invest wasted sources by selling own securities if necessary.

From the top of investment resources consumers’ view emission of securities has priority relatively to the banking credits. Hey (capital consumers) are given opportunity to influx cash sources from a lot of distributors of capital and accumulate large amount of money. Also, sources may be influxed for long period of time, sometimes for indefinite terms, if the affair touches upon securities.

Thus, market of banking credits and market of securities in the modern conditions appear to be necessary rings for investment processes, basic areas, with the help of which savings are turned into investments and are used for development of the manufacture.

As said above, depending at objects of capital investments they break real, financial and intellectual investments (drought 5.7.). Below real investments they mean residency of sources (capital) into creation of real assets (as of material, so immaterial ones), which are in touch with the consciousness of operative activities of economical subjects, salvation of their social-economical problems. Below financial investments they mean residency of capital into different financial instruments, in the first place into the securities.

Financial investments either have speculative character, or are oriented towards long-termed investments. They recognize to be the form of financial investment placements of sources into shares and securities, also into the loan banking deposits.

Financial investment oriented towards long-termed placements of sources is related with strategic goals of participation in the management of the investor’s object, in which the capital is invested.

Fictive capital. Concepts of real and financial investments are in close touch with the ones of real and fictive capital. In the economical journalism they usually mean securities below fictive capital. Real capital is placed into manufacture and securities serve for the title of material goods, which represent this capital. Financial capital is “the capital which exists in the face of securities, bring profit to the owners. Different from real capital, which is placed into various fields of the industry, fictive one has no inside value and is not considered to be real wealth, that’s why it has no gathering in the process of capitalist further manufacture.and, according to this, we want to pay attention to the subsequent: for each break owner securities (fictive capital) represent valuable, which brings to him absolutely real income. Though, from the top social capital securities don’t represent real prosperity. Growth or reduction of the value of functioning securities in the the upper classes may take place independently from real capital. According to this, securities appear to be a fictive capital.

Real capital of the the upper classes is developed at the expense of investments into the real assets, while fictive capital may be increased without financial investments, at the expense of course value of the securities emitted earlier. A significant example of the process of fictive capital growth is process of emission of the so-called produced securities. Here they don’s take into account real investments, but they give civil rights for purchasing securities already produced or emitted earlier. In this case financial investments are followed by the growth of real capital of the the upper classes.

Though, to our mind, this subject is not so simple, as it seems. The fact is that growth of the share course is realized not itself, but by the fact that the effectiveness of using real capital is growing.  The growth of course value of the enterprise shares expresses the fact, that the market gives too high estimation of the given enterprise.

Herewith, we can make a conclusion, that fictive capital is not a real wealth; it provides marketing estimation of real capital of the the upper classes in each given period of time. Imagine that we have two enterprises with absolutely identical real assets, though one enterprise uses these assets better and works more effectively. It is evident, that course value of the shares of this enterprise is higher, then those of other ones. That’s why fictive capital is being developed not itself, but expresses the position of real capital. Size of fictive capital is nothing but the marketing value of the real capital, the title of which is fictive capital considered to be.

Herewith it is hard to agree with, that “fictive capital acts no gathering in the process of capital further manufacture”. Securities (a fictive capital) play vital role in the process of further manufacture while turning of the savings into investments. A fictive capital (securities) makes income for its owners. Exactly the question of making profit makes the owners of the savings to invest sources into securities. Amounts gathered by the issuerare used for creation and purchasing of the real assets, accordingly the growth of the number of manufacture takes place.

Movement of financial investments reminds us the movement of loan capital. As K. Marx showed us, in the process of movement of loan capital one and the same capital amount appears in the degree of capital-owner and capital-gathering. Income of the functional capitalist is divided into two parts – into the loan percent and the income of the clerk. Below the conditions of weak development of the joint-have a supply of company free capital was place into the manufacture in the form of loan capital. Real investments in the manufacture are realized at the expense of own and loan capital from the functioning capitalists.

By consciousness of the joint-have a supply of form of the enterprise the character of the investment process is essentially changed. In this case, they mean the joint-have a supply of company may realize real investments at the expense of own sources (inseparable profit) or at the expense of banking credits. So, that they don’t apply for the financial investments.

Though, it is different in the case of joint-have a supply of company. While foundation of the joint-have a supply of company the founders are enter material goods, cash means, and intellectual material goods into the initial capital. Each deposit is estimated in the cash form and each founder buys a certain package of shares for appropriate share, which is entered into the initial capital of the the upper classes. Amount of one and the same investments turns into real or financial investments. the process of real capital growth is followed by the growth of fictive capital. Herewith, in this case real investments can not be realized without share emission, i.e. without financial investments.

In the case of growing initial capital of the joint-have a supply of company emission of new shares is taking place, then it is followed by real investments. Thus, financial investments are considered to be necessary attributes for the investment process. Real investments are impossible without financial ones. Real investments take completed face by consciousness of financial investments.

Widening of the manufacture may be realized, also by the borrowed sources, which are influxed with the help of emission of the loan securities. Consequently, even in this case the process of real investments is realized with the help of financial investments.

We have different situation, when we apply for secondary market of the securities. If the investors buy shares for already activated enterprise, then sources wasted for purchasing shares already are investments. But these sources get to the previous owner of the shares that’s why growth of the real capital of the enterprise doesn’t take place. It is same with the purchasing of securities of any kind at the secondary market. In this case (if the course of securities are not developed) the growth of fictive capital of the the upper classes doesn’t take place. Only the distribution of fictive capital among the members of the upper classes takes place. Thus, financial investments, which are realized in the forms of purchasing securities at the secondary market, are considered to be relatively independent form and it is not directly related with the process of real investments.

According to the said above, we can make the subsequent conclusion: financial investment is the connecting ring of turning of the savings into real investments. With its help the savings get into the manufacture; at the same time they can appear to be relatively independent form of the investments. Foreseeing the fact, that today joint-have a supply of company is considered to be quite spread, organization-legislative form of the enterprise; we may come to conclusion, that financial investments and security market play very vital role in the investment process on the way of turning savings into real investments.

Intellectual investment definition. Investment market is a hard system consisted of various structural fundamentals, among which there is a numerous connection. Scheme (in the drought 5.8.) represents a clear example about structure of the world investment market.

As seen from the matter, investment objects are divided into financial and material (real) assets. Each of them has quite diversified structure.

Financial assets concern financial and payment obligations of each kind, which are basically made by the economical agents while their work. This is cash money; deposits existed at the current financial statement, small-termed loan obligations, for example, shares and other financial documentation, which prove the material goods of right at the capital or setting arrangement at the movement of financial resources.

Material assets are: movable and unmovable material goods, lend, buildings, precious metals, commodities of long-termed usage, material valuables or inventory having small-terms of produced service and so on.

Modern structure of investment, in the first place, expresses significant surplus of the financial assets at material ones (accordingly 57.7% and 42.3%), ant second, in the structure of financial assets itself securities, small-termed obligations and financial statement having investment character reside in more and more larger place.

Correlation of financial and material assets of the investment market may be expressed by the coefficient of financial interrelation. Thought of involving such coefficient belongs to R. Goldsmith, who is the author of the works written about the structure of national wealth and financial systems of developed countries. This scientist in the second part of 50s and beginning of 60s worked out the method of estimate of the coefficient of interrelation. He calculated this coefficient as conformity of total financial assets with the size of material assets received by deducing of the country net foreign assets. Net foreign assets show conformity of foreign debt of the given country and its residents with the one, which are owned by the foreign country and its residents towards this county. Citizens, companies and other juridical persons have right to have financial statement abroad, to give credits to the foreign citizens and to have material goods abroad. Also, they are possible to get in debts themselves towards the foreign citizens. If the size of foreign material goods and financial wealth of the country resident surpluses debts towards the foreigners, then net foreign assets appear to be positive size and on the divergent.

According to the investment nature, which basic kinds of the investment market – financial and material ones, or the real investment markets in the modern conditions may be extra by the market of intellectual investments. This latest functions in the way of licenses, engineering-consulting service, Now-how, methodical processing, sales and purchasing of projects and others.

As in the marketing economics, so at the transmitting stage, alternative variants of using resources, investment resources among them. The principle of inter changing touch upon the realized investments as in the material forms, so in the human capital. It is well known that below the modern conditions investment in the human capital is very vital and gives a large profit. This is stated in many economical works.K. Sax and F. Lauren top to the investments into the human capital. They notice that investments into the human capital have a fantastic substance for marketing economics.Nowadays a theory of intellectual capital makes foundation to the consciousness of investments into the human capital.The authors of this theory concern, that intellectual capital is a hard category. It is wider than the human capital, as in it information is considered to be the independent industrial resource.Investments into the intellectual capital differ from the ones realized into the human capital. It also concerns the fundamentals of structural capital, which means investments realized into the furniture, computers, programs, patents and trade marks. On the basis of intellectual capital theory a concept of social partnership was formed. This conception leans upon the investments placed into the social capital. Social capital theory means relations of mutual help and development of trust relation in the break groups or readiness of participation in the unions. More educated and qualified workers have more possibilities for formation of social capital and economical macro-system. On the basis of investments realized subjective leaders of attractive investment surrounding is formed in the social capital, that influence significantly upon the development of intellectual investment market.

Intellectual investment market has the subsequent peculiarities:

First, intellectual investment market is the consisting part of service market. It provides consciousness of point commodity by straight contracts between producers and consumers. Herewith, trade mediating is not the exception. Though there is a principle distinction between mediating and consuming commodities at the market of intellectual investments. Analyzes of different researches show, that in the conditions of transitional period growth of the share of mediator structures in the section of consuming commodity of fantastic request take place in Georgia. The mediator is not requested to have a special knowledge, only initial information is enough. Of course, mediating at the market of intellectual investments requires high qualification level of the firms’ specialists. The mediators themselves, which unite “producer-consumers”, are not many. Herewith, mediator service at the market of intellectual investments is different form analogue service of the market of fantastic request commodities in the equal conditions by quality and effectiveness (at the expense of reducing expenses of the attracted sides).

Second, the market of intellectual investment influences greatly upon capital movement and the market of labor forces.

Third, intellectual investments are protected by the disorder from the foreign competition, also by export and import of final result of using intellectual investments. Functioning of the market of intellectual investments cannot exist without safeguard of civil rights at the objects of intellectual material goods.

Fourth, for entering global market by inside market organizations and intellectual investments additional are not needed.

Fifth, formation of market principles is point at the results of using intellectual investments.

Principles of intellectual investment products have not direct connection with the work spent on it. The value of intellectual investment product is defined by what it gives by using in the manufacture process. Herewith, value of intellectual investment process is defined as face of look received by this product usage by money.

Market value at the intellectual investment product is formed as agreement one, by using two prices (of seller and purchaser). The purchaser may apply for the fact that a profit received from using intellectual investment product, minimally, is to compensate the expenses made by the seller for selling this product and also expanses of the buyer for its consciousness. The seller doesn’t often sell the intellectual investment product, but transmits only the right for its using. Thus, agreement value on this manufacture is close to the buyers’ one in practice.

Consciousness of intellectual investments at the market may be provided in the subsequent forms:

-      by transmitting civil rights for using licenses, Now-How, commodity sighs and so on;

-      by selling-transmission of Now-How, technological experiences and so on. Agreements on such acts of sell and buy from license agreements are different by the fact, that the owner of Now-How doesn’t refuse its selling, but doesn’t agree with its patenting;

-      by as long as engineering services;

-      by transmission of technologies, in the way investment partnership, within the bounds of which takes place not only sell and buy, but in other ways of its distribution consultations, qualifying specialists, transmission of droughts and technological exchanges.

Engineering is one of the basic forms of consciousness are the market of intellectual investments. It means as long as different engineering-consulting service on the commercial basis. They divide engineering service into two groups: 1) service related with preparing manufacture process; 2) service related with provision of normal continuing of the process of manufacture and its consciousness. To the first assemble belong: a) pre-projecting service (social-economical researches; topographic processing and plotting of location; researching grounds; searching for the minerals; technical-economical statement of project and so on); b) projecting service (preparing general plot and recommendations; estimation of expenses made on its exploitation beforehand; preparing technical specialists and so on); c) further service of he project (preparing contracting documentation; organization of auction; estimation of suggestions; making contracts; managing construction process; making and granting certificates about finishing work, making technical conclusion about construction and so on); d) special service (researching about utilization, various juridical procedures and so on). To the second assemble of engineering service belong: service related with the managing and organization of the manufacture process, service related with the examination of the object; consultations in the financial questions; service related with the manufacture consciousness (researching the conjuncture of the market, advertisement organization), service related with the involving the system of informational provision and so on. Engineering consultations, in the conditions of deficit of high-qualified personnel, can provide academically the investment process, help firms to rise effectiveness, fasten circulation of the investment resources.

Portfolio investment market is the consisting part of the financial investment market. By forming the upper classes of share-holders and with the help of financial institutional investors, their activity at the financial investment market support significantly accumulation of independent cash sources in the country, also attracting of foreign investors, fastened circulation of financial investments, effective insurance for financial-investment risks and so on.

For clearing investment motivations up and defining levers is disorder influence we thing advisable discussion of peculiarities of the investment circulation in the process of further manufacture of material (basic and income) and financial capitals.

Investment circulation in the process of investment activity is realized in the subsequent basic directions:

investments in the material assets (manufacture of basic and income capital); investments in financial assets; investments in the intellectual valuables.

Let’s discuss investment circulation in the process of further manufacture of the material assets (basic and income capitals). Its each element may be divided into movable and unbending properties. Furniture, mechanisms, income capital belongs to the fundamentals of movable corporal capital and fundamentals of passive part of basic capital (buildings, equipment, industrial infrastructure) – to the unmovable one.

Further manufacture of the movable corporal capital is realized in the industry, and of unmovable ones – in the construction. Investment activity may be realized in the way of showing of unmovable material goods, furniture and other fundamentals of corporal capital at the market, or in the case of absence of needed commodity, in the way of their manufacture (construction).

Investment activity may be realized at the expense of different sources: own, borrowed, attracted sources for investments, budgetary assignations. Structure of sources depends at organization legislative forms of active and newly formed enterprise. Investments may be showed as in the cash, material forms so in the face of material goods civil rights and intellectual potential. Foreseeing said above, investment circulation in the further manufacture of a corporal capital might be represented in the subsequent way:

Economical essence of the given chain of transformation exists in the subsequent: investments in different for (cash, productive, commodity) are placed into the objects of investment requirements for industrial activity. After this a process of transformation of investments into industrial factors takes place. Thus materialization of investments takes place, which appears in the face of rising value of investor’s capital material goods.

Exactly the new transformation of capital value finishes investment circulation in the Soviet economical journalism. They departed artificially stage of formation of new capital value and stage of their functioning, which defines real level of income of profitableness of these valuables, and finally the period of self-compensation of investments.

As main goal of investment are making profit, investment circulation certainly concerns a period of exploitation of bought capital valuables till the moment of financial recourses, by which investments in the capital manufacture are compensated.

In this case, manufacture, which is produced in the form of investment commodity, is realized at the markets of different investments (real estate, furniture, materials and other markets).

What is the distinction between investments and investment commodity, as they coincide with each other in the material form and ability of making income? To our mind, basic distinction is in the “universality” degree of investments and investment commodity. Any investment commodity for consciousness at the markets in the future becomes a factor of manufacture in concrete material or cash forms. Material transformation of a capital doesn’t mean further manufacture, it may be even threadbare – morally and physically, and investments, as they are movable form of cash capital – may make endless and permanent profit. To our mind, this makes investments different from the investment commodity.

Investments into the financial assets take place in relation with their profitableness norms. Income, according to the different financial assets, is divided into dividends (kind of industrial income) and percents. This is defined by what capital they represent – industrial or loan.

A process of investments into the financial assets may be represented in the subsequent way:

First, intellectual investment market is the consisting part of service market. It provides consciousness of point commodity by straight contracts between producers and consumers. Herewith, trade mediating is not the exception. Though there is a principle distinction between mediating and consuming commodities at the market of intellectual investments. Analyzes of different researches show, that in the conditions of transitional period growth of the share of mediator structures in the section of consuming commodity of fantastic request take place in Georgia. The mediator is not requested to have a special knowledge, only initial information is enough. Of course, mediating at the market of intellectual investments requires high qualification level of the firms’ specialists. The mediators themselves, which unite “producer-consumers”, are not many. Herewith, mediator service at the market of intellectual investments is different form analogue service of the market of fantastic request commodities in the equal conditions by quality and effectiveness (at the expense of reducing expenses of the attracted sides).

Second, the market of intellectual investment influences greatly upon capital movement and the market of labor forces.

Third, intellectual investments are protected by the disorder from the foreign competition, also by export and import of final result of using intellectual investments. Functioning of the market of intellectual investments cannot exist without safeguard of civil rights at the objects of intellectual material goods.

Fourth, for entering global market by inside market organizations and intellectual investments additional are not needed.

Fifth, formation of market principles is point at the results of using intellectual investments.

Principles of intellectual investment products have not direct connection with the work spent on it. The value of intellectual investment product is defined by what it gives by using in the manufacture process. Herewith, value of intellectual investment process is defined as face of look received by this product usage by money.

Market value at the intellectual investment product is formed as agreement one, by using two prices (of seller and purchaser). The purchaser may apply for the fact that a profit received from using intellectual investment product, minimally, is to compensate the expenses made by the seller for selling this product and also expanses of the buyer for its consciousness. The seller doesn’t often sell the intellectual investment product, but transmits only the right for its using. Thus, agreement value on this manufacture is close to the buyers’ one in practice.

Consciousness of intellectual investments at the market may be provided in the subsequent forms:

-      by transmitting civil rights for using licenses, Now-How, commodity sighs and so on;

-      by selling-transmission of Now-How, technological experiences and so on. Agreements on such acts of sell and buy from license agreements are different by the fact, that the owner of Now-How doesn’t refuse its selling, but doesn’t agree with its patenting;

-      by as long as engineering services;

-      by transmission of technologies, in the way investment partnership, within the bounds of which takes place not only sell and buy, but in other ways of its distribution consultations, qualifying specialists, transmission of droughts and technological exchanges.

Engineering is one of the basic forms of consciousness are the market of intellectual investments. It means as long as different engineering-consulting service on the commercial basis. They divide engineering service into two groups: 1) service related with preparing manufacture process; 2) service related with provision of normal continuing of the process of manufacture and its consciousness. To the first assemble belong: a) pre-projecting service (social-economical researches; topographic processing and plotting of location; researching grounds; searching for the minerals; technical-economical statement of project and so on); b) projecting service (preparing general plot and recommendations; estimation of expenses made on its exploitation beforehand; preparing technical specialists and so on); c) further service of he project (preparing contracting documentation; organization of auction; estimation of suggestions; making contracts; managing construction process; making and granting certificates about finishing work, making technical conclusion about construction and so on); d) special service (researching about utilization, various juridical procedures and so on). To the second assemble of engineering service belong: service related with the managing and organization of the manufacture process, service related with the examination of the object; consultations in the financial questions; service related with the manufacture consciousness (researching the conjuncture of the market, advertisement organization), service related with the involving the system of informational provision and so on. Engineering consultations, in the conditions of deficit of high-qualified personnel, can provide academically the investment process, help firms to rise effectiveness, fasten circulation of the investment resources.

Portfolio investment market is the consisting part of the financial investment market. By forming the upper classes of share-holders and with the help of financial institutional investors, their activity at the financial investment market support significantly accumulation of independent cash sources in the country, also attracting of foreign investors, fastened circulation of financial investments, effective insurance for financial-investment risks and so on.

For clearing investment motivations up and defining levers is disorder influence we thing advisable discussion of peculiarities of the investment circulation in the process of further manufacture of material (basic and income) and financial capitals.

Investment circulation in the process of investment activity is realized in the subsequent basic directions:

1.   investments in the material assets (manufacture of basic and income capital);

2.   investments in financial assets;

3.   investments in the intellectual valuables.

Let’s discuss investment circulation in the process of further manufacture of the material assets (basic and income capitals). Its each element may be divided into movable and unbending properties. Furniture, mechanisms, income capital belongs to the fundamentals of movable corporal capital and fundamentals of passive part of basic capital (buildings, equipment, industrial infrastructure) – to the unmovable one.

Further manufacture of the movable corporal capital is realized in the industry, and of unmovable ones – in the construction. Investment activity may be realized in the way of showing of unmovable material goods, furniture and other fundamentals of corporal capital at the market, or in the case of absence of needed commodity, in the way of their manufacture (construction).

Investment activity may be realized at the expense of different sources: own, borrowed, attracted sources for investments, budgetary assignations. Structure of sources depends at organization legislative forms of active and newly formed enterprise. Investments may be showed as in the cash, material forms so in the face of material goods civil rights and intellectual potential. Foreseeing said above, investment circulation in the further manufacture of a corporal capital might be represented in the subsequent way:

Thus, whole system of investment market forms total investment-market space. In this space a market of financial investments is filled by real and intellectual investment market.

Lamara Qoqiauri

Real Limb of Georgian Academy of Fiscal Sciences

and New-York Academy of Science;

physician of Economics; Professor